Blood

In 1978 the WTBTS already allowed their members to follow their own conscience on a number of procedures and blood components. This included kidney dialysis, blood tests, serum injections, heart-lung pumps, even some blood products in food.

The WTBTS officially allows individuals the freedom to make their own choices on taking blood fractions: KM Nov 2006

It’s a convoluted mess! Not supposed to have blood but can have all the fractions that make up blood, it makes no sense! I would do what you need to do to save the patients life then inform the patient that breast milk has white blood cells so if god didn’t want man to eat blood at all cost then why put a major component of blood in the milk?

You may also want to refer to a couple of scriptures that totally destroys their doctrine that most JWs don’t know. Mathew chapter 12 where it basically says it’s ok to break rules to save a life and also chapter 17 of Leviticus where there’s a provision about it’s ok to eat blood of an animal you didn’t kill and one would only be unclean until evening. (www.reddit.com/r/exjw/)

1 Sam 14:24-45 the people of Israel eat meat with blood and they are not “cut off” but rather forgiven. This is an interesting passage because Saul made a “new law”, a curse upon everyone who ate food for the rest of the day. He went beyond what was written and “no man put his hand to his mouth; for the people feared the oath.” Yet, when Jonathan eats, no punishment is meted out on him and when the others eat slaughtered animals without draining the blood no punishment is levied upon them either. Further, Jonathan gives his appraisal of what Saul has said: “My father has troubled the land.” Saul came up with his own idea and forced it on others and it went beyond what God had expressed in the Mosaic law. People (like the Pharisees) can be unnecessarily cruel and come up with rules and laws that God has not ordained and force them on others (and themselves).

Mark 7:15 (NWT) “There is nothing from outside a man that passes into him that can defile him; but the things that issue forth out of a man are the things that defile a man.”
Matthew 15:11 (NWT) “Not what enters into [his] mouth defiles a man; but it is what proceeds out of [his] mouth that defiles a man.”
1 Corinthians 8:8 (NWT) “But food will not commend us to God; if we do not eat, we do not fall short, and, if we eat, we have no credit to ourselves.”
1 Timothy 4:4,5 (NWT) “The reason for this is that every creation of God is fine, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving, for it is sanctified through God’s word and prayer over [it].”
Titus 1:15 (NWT) “All things are clean to clean [persons]. But to [persons] defiled and faithless nothing is clean, but both their minds and their consciences are defiled.”
Matthew 12:1-8 the disciples eat grain on the Sabbath. Jesus tells the Pharisees that its okay.
Leviticus 17:15 eating an animal you didn’t kill yourself would result in being unclean until evening.
Leviticus 3:17 (NASB) It is a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwellings: you shall not eat any fat or any blood.”
Leviticus 7:23-26
John 7:22-24 (NASB) “For this reason Moses has given you circumcision (not because it is from Moses, but from the fathers), and on the Sabbath you circumcise a man. If a man receives circumcision on the Sabbath so that the Law of Moses will not be broken, are you angry with Me because I made an entire man well on the Sabbath? Do not judge according to appearance, but judge with righteous judgment.”
Matthew 9:13 (NASB) “But go and learn what this means: ‘I DESIRE COMPASSION, AND NOT SACRIFICE,’ for I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners.”
Mark 3:4 (NASB) And He said to them, “Is it lawful to do good or to do harm on the Sabbath, to save a life or to kill?” But they kept silent.
Micah 6:6-8 (NASB) With what shall I come to the LORD and bow myself before the God on high? Shall I come to Him with burnt offerings, with yearling calves? Does the LORD take delight in thousands of rams, in ten thousand rivers of oil? Shall I present my firstborn for my rebellious acts, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the LORD require of you but to do justice, to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?
Proverbs 21:3 (NASB) To do righteousness and justice is desired by the LORD more than sacrifice.
Isaiah 58:6-11 (NASB) “Is this not the fast which I choose, to loosen the bonds of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke, and to let the oppressed go free and break every yoke? Is it not to divide your bread with the hungry and bring the homeless poor into the house; when you see the naked, to cover him; and not to hide yourself from your own flesh? Then your light will break out like the dawn, and your recovery will speedily spring forth; and your righteousness will go before you; the glory of the LORD will be your rear guard. Then you will call, and the LORD will answer; you will cry, and He will say, ‘Here I am.’ If you remove the yoke from your midst, the pointing of the finger and speaking wickedness, and if you give yourself to the hungry and satisfy the desire of the afflicted, then your light will rise in darkness and your gloom will become like midday. And the LORD will continually guide you, and satisfy your desire in scorched places, and give strength to your bones; and you will be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water whose waters do not fail.”
Hosea 6:6 (NASB) For I delight in loyalty rather than sacrifice, and in the knowledge of God rather than burnt offerings.
Amos 5:24-25 (NASB) “But let justice roll down like waters and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream. “Did you present Me with sacrifices and grain offerings in the wilderness for forty years, O house of Israel?”
Mark 12:30-34 (NASB) ‘AND YOU SHALL LOVE THE LORD YOUR GOD WITH ALL YOUR HEART, AND WITH ALL YOUR SOUL, AND WITH ALL YOUR MIND, AND WITH ALL YOUR STRENGTH.’ “The second is this, ‘YOU SHALL LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOR AS YOURSELF.’ There is no other commandment greater than these.” The scribe said to Him, “Right, Teacher; You have truly stated that HE IS ONE, AND THERE IS NO ONE ELSE BESIDES HIM; AND TO LOVE HIM WITH ALL THE HEART AND WITH ALL THE UNDERSTANDING AND WITH ALL THE STRENGTH, AND TO LOVE ONE’s NEIGHBOR AS HIMSELF, is much more than all burnt offerings and sacrifices.” When Jesus saw that he had answered intelligently, He said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.” After that, no one would venture to ask Him any more questions.

It’s impossible to avoid eating blood completely

Watchtower Jan 15, 1972 Questions from Readers: “Of course, even proper bleeding does not completely remove every vestige of blood from the muscles and organs of the animals. But as long as an animal has been properly bled, any part of it may be used as food or in other ways.”

Blood is a symbol of life. Is a symbol worth more than the thing it symbolizes?

Everlasting Covenant in Genesis?

Genesis 9:3-7 (NWT 2013) Every moving animal that is alive may serve as food for you. Just as I gave you the green vegetation, I give them all to you. Only flesh with its life —its blood—you must not eat. Besides that, I will demand an accounting for your lifeblood. I will demand an accounting from every living creature; and from each man I will demand an accounting for the life of his brother. Anyone shedding man’s blood, by man will his own blood be shed, for in God’s image He made man. As for you, be fruitful and become many, and increase abundantly on the earth and multiply.”

Basically, the covenant addresses three main issues:

1. They may eat animal flesh, but not “flesh with its soul-its blood.”
2. Murder is forbidden – “Anyone shedding man’s blood, … will his own blood be shed…”
3. They are to produce offspring in abundance – “be fruitful and become many…”

The society has argued that this is a “eternal covenant” that is binding upon all of mankind. If we are to accept that this is a covenant that is binding upon us today, can we pick and choose which parts of it are applicable, and ignore others?
Consider this: When was the last time Jehovah’s Witnesses were encouraged to apply Genesis 9:7 and become fruitful and many? And why do we permit the use of birth control which would clearly seem to be in violation of the third element of this covenant?
Is it possible that this covenant is not binding upon all of mankind? In discussing the subject of birth control and the scriptural injunction regarding child bearing found at Gen. 1:28 and restated at Gen. 9:7, note what the Awake of Sept. 22, 1989, pp. 23,24 said:

“This command was clearly related to the special circumstances existing at that time.” Awake! Sept. 22, 1989 (p. 23-24)

So the Awake concedes that this portion of the covenant is not binding upon us, and in fact we can could cite many articles in the WTS publications over the years that have discouraged child bearing. (Source: ajwrb.org)

The WTS relies on the pre-Mosaic era, the Mosaic law and the apostolic expressions to claim that they are still valid today. They admit that Christians are no longer under the Mosiac Law, but the fact that the eating of blood was proscribed before the Mosaic Law is viewed as an indication of its validity still today. Seeing as these three pronouncements all came from God, we could also conclude that God would not contradict himself. From the Mosaic Law we can see what the outcome of following the Law was: it was to avoid death and prolong life! (Deu 30:19: ... I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse: therefore choose life, that you may live, you and your seed.) Seeing as it cannot be that God would contradict himself we cannot then apply this blood principle in such a way that would lead to the death of a person in order to keep an unstated latter-day interpretation of the Law.

Did the Mosiac law or Paul mean “blood transfusion”?

The NT writers knew nothing about blood transfusions, so would they have intended to include that practise in their instructions to “abstain from blood”? In another context, the WTS says that its important to know what the biblical writers meant when they used certain terms:
WT Dec 15, 1972: “For, no matter what the word “fornication” may commonly be understood to mean by English-speaking people, it is what the word used in the Bible meant to the writer and the people at that time that really counts and is decisive.”

Keeping the Law

What was the fourth commandment? Deuteronomy 5:12-15 (NWT 2013) “Observe the Sabbath day to keep it sacred, just as Jehovah your God commanded you. You are to labor and do all your work in six days, but the seventh day is a sabbath to Jehovah your God. You must not do any work, neither you nor your son nor your daughter nor your slave man nor your slave girl nor your bull nor your donkey nor any of your domestic animals nor your foreign resident who is inside your cities, in order that your slave man and your slave girl may rest the same as you. Remember that you became a slave in the land of Egypt and that Jehovah your God brought you out of there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm. That is why Jehovah your God commanded you to observe the Sabbath day.”
The fourth commandment was intended to be a benefit to people: “in order that your slave man and your slave girl may rest the same as you” because God gave them rest by rescuing them from their slavery in Egypt. The Pharisees turned it into a discussion on “what did God actually mean by work” and they exercised power by pressuring people to accept their interpretation of what “work” entailed. When God said “work”, they claimed it also means “everything we define as work.” When the elders in Jerusalem said “abstain from blood”, the GB says “that also means blood transfusions”, something no other Christian group or Jews have ever interpreted. Sounds similar to the Pharisees in Jesus’ day.

What role does the Law have in God’s economy? Do we come closer to God if we keep the laws meticulously, even if it harms us or others? 1 Corinthians 8:8 (NWT) “But food will not bring us nearer to God; we are no worse off if we do not eat, nor better off if we eat.”
Christ is the supreme authority for Christians. He saw himself as a greater authority than the Mosiac Law (“You heard that it was said to those of ancient times..., but I say to you...” Mat 5:27,28,31,32,33,34,38,39,43,44). He said he was greater than the temple (Mat 12:6), greater than Jonah (Mat 12:41), and greater than Solomon (Mat 12:42). (Does that mean that Christ also has a higher authority than the Governing Body? Or does the GB’s interpretation override Christ’s interpretation of the law?)
So, what was Christ’s attitude to the Law? Was man made for the Sabbath, or was the Sabbath made for man? Another way to ask this question is: did the rule to keep the Sabbath apply even to the detriment of a person? Should it be interpreted in such a way that it prevents you from doing good? Should you keep the Law even if it harmed a person?
Well, in Matthew 12 this was precisely the issue between the Pharisees and Jesus. The Pharisees tried to keep and enforce the Law meticulously, even if it put heavy burdens on people. They actually saw that as a badge of righteousness. If you could show you were suffering when you were keeping the law(s) then you really displayed your commitment to God (importantly, in a form that others could see). Did they have the right balance? Which was more important, keeping the law or helping people? His disciples harvested grain which they ate on the Sabbath, thus “breaking” the fourth commandment. The Pharisees interpreted that as “work,” because their definition of “harvesting” included breaking off kernels to eat for immediate personal consumption. Jesus disagreed. He was greater than the temple (meaning the rituals and the Law) and if the priests could break the Sabbath by preparing and eating food, then the Law could not prohibit meeting human needs. If the Law did not prohibit or prevent people from helping an animal get out of a pit to lessen its distress, relieve its misery or save its life, then would a human life be considered not worthy of the same treatment, even on the Sabbath? Mat 12:10,11,12,13 (NASB) “How much more valuable then is a man than a sheep! So then, it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath.” Keeping the law to the point that it produces human suffering (nor even unnecessary animal suffering) was never the intent of the Law. It’s purpose was to alleviate human (and animal) suffering. The Law did not apply if your neighbour had an emergency on a Sabbath. You could work on the Sabbath (thus “breaking” the Sabbath) to rescue your sheep. Matthew 12:7 (NWT) “However, if you had understood what this means, ‘I want mercy and not sacrifice,’ you would not have condemned the guiltless ones.”

Now, I’ve made the claim (above) that the Law was never intended to harm a person. Is that true? Can we find that anywhere in scripture? Well, let’s look at Deuteronomy.

Deuteronomy 30:19-20 (NWT 2013) “I take the heavens and the earth as witnesses against you today that I have put life and death before you, the blessing and the curse; and you must choose life so that you may live, you and your descendants, by loving Jehovah your God, by listening to his voice, and by sticking to him, for he is your life and by him you will endure a long time in the land that Jehovah swore to give to your forefathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.”

Deuteronomy 4:1-2 (NWT 2013) “Now, O Israel, listen to the regulations and the judicial decisions that I am teaching you to observe, so that you may live ... You must not add to the word that I am commanding you, neither must you take away from it, so as to keep the commandments of Jehovah your God that I am commanding you.”

Deuteronomy 4:40 (NWT 2013) “You must keep his regulations and his commandments that I am commanding you today, in order that it may go well with you and your sons after you, so that you may long remain in the land that Jehovah your God is giving you.”

Deuteronomy 5:33 (NWT 2013) “You should walk in all the way that Jehovah your God has commanded you, in order that you may live and prosper and prolong your days in the land...”

Deuteronomy 6:1-3 (NWT 2013) “Now these are the commandments ... so that you may observe them ... all the days of your life, so that you may live a long time. And you must listen, O Israel, and carefully observe them, so that you may prosper and become very many in the land flowing with milk and honey, just as Jehovah, the God of your forefathers, has promised you.”

Deuteronomy 6:24 (NWT 2013) “Then Jehovah commanded us to carry out all these regulations ... for our lasting good, so that we could keep alive, as we are today.”

Deuteronomy 6:24 (NASB) “So the LORD commanded us to observe all these statutes ... for our good always and for our survival, as it is today.”

Deuteronomy 8:1 (NASB) “All the commandments that I am commanding you today you shall be careful to do, that you may live and multiply...”

Deuteronomy 10:12-13 (NWT 2013) “Now, O Israel, what is Jehovah your God asking of you? Only this: ... to keep the commandments and statutes of Jehovah that I am commanding you today for your own good.”

Deuteronomy 11:8-9 (NWT 2013) “You must keep the whole commandment that I am giving you today, so that you may grow strong ... and so that you may live long in the land...”

Deuteronomy 12:32 (NWT 2013) “Every word that I am commanding you is what you should be careful to do. You must not add to it nor take away from it.”

Deuteronomy 32:47 (NWT 2013) “For this is no empty word for you, but it means your life, and by this word you may live long in the land that you are crossing the Jordan to possess.”

1 Kings 3:14 (NWT 2013) “And if you walk in my ways by keeping my regulations and my commandments, just as David your father walked, I will also give you a long life.”

Proverbs 10:27 (NWT 2013) The fear of Jehovah prolongs life, But the years of the wicked will be cut short.

Healing on the Sabbath

Not an insignificant part of the Gospels report about the conflicts Christ had with the Pharisees and teachers of the Law about “healing on the Sabbath”, which they interpreted as “working”. These groups were the “church authorities” or “God’s visible organization” of that time and Jesus disagreed with their interpretations of the Law. At least ten encounters are mentioned: Mat 12:1-14; 15:1-9; Mark 2:23-28; 3:1-6; Luke 6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6; John 5:1-18; 7:14-24; and John 9. Why didn’t Christ just avoid all the conflicts amicably and say to the sick ones: “Well, you know, to remain on good terms with everyone, especially the ones who have power, let’s just meet tomorrow and I’ll heal you then. Unity is important so I won’t press the matter now.” No, truth trumps unity! The fact that Christ did make an issue out of it means that the Pharisee’s interpretation was wrong and they completely misinterpreted God’s law for their own benefit and to other people’s detriment. How so? Well, by enforcing their interpretations on people as to what constituted “working” on the Sabbath, they asserted their authority over people. They wanted power over people and one way to see if they had power was if people would follow their commands even when it didn’t benefit them. When Jesus challenged them by performing what they considered “work” he was challenging their social position and authority in society. They did not appreciate that! Multiple times after healing someone “the Pharisees went out and conspired against Him, as to how they might destroy Him.” (Mat 12:14; Mark 3:6; Luke 6:11; John 5:18) His response to them on one occasion is especially clear: And He said to them, “Is it lawful to do good or to do harm on the Sabbath, to save a life or to kill?” But they kept silent. (Mark 3:6 NASB) In other words, in Christ’s view, the Law should never be interpreted so that it harms or kills a person, even if you could have postponed your good deed by one day in order to keep the Law. When doing good or saving a life you may break one of the Laws of Moses. Saving a life has a higher moral value than keeping a Law, especially if by keeping it, it would kill a person. That is Jesus’ interpretation of the Law. I don’t think there is another authority on earth that can override his interpretation.

Traditions of men

Isaiah 29:13 (NWT 2013) Jehovah says: “This people approach me with their mouth And they honor me with their lips, But their heart is far removed from me; And their fear of me is based on commands of men that they have been taught.”
Matthew 15:3-9 (NWT 2013) In reply he said to them: “Why do you overstep the commandment of God because of your tradition. For example, God said, ‘Honor your father and your mother,’ and, ‘Let the one who speaks abusively of his father or mother be put to death.’ But you say, ‘Whoever says to his father or mother: “Whatever I have that could benefit you is a gift dedicated to God,” he need not honor his father at all.’ So you have made the word of God invalid because of your tradition. You hypocrites, Isaiah aptly prophesied about you when he said: ‘This people honor me with their lips, but their hearts are far removed from me. It is in vain that they keep worshipping me, for they teach commands of men as doctrines.’”
These doctrines of men consisted of interpretations of the Law, of saying “this means that”; “healing” means “work” or “eating grain” on the Sabbath means “work”. This went “beyond what is written” and ignored the higher moral principles of mercy, justice, righteousness and loving your neighbour. And when asked “who is my neighbour”, Jesus replied: the one who is in need of something when you can help and told the story of the Good Samaritan. Helping someone in need is “loving your neighbour”.

“Congregations have never been instructed to disfellowship”

*** w58 8/1 p. 478 Questions From Readers ***
We, of course, regret with you that this sister who professes to be one of the anointed remnant took a blood transfusion voluntarily during her stay in the hospital. We believe that she did the wrong thing contrary to the will of God. However, congregations have never been instructed to disfellowship those who voluntarily take blood transfusions or approve them. We let the judgment of such violators of God’s law concerning the sacredness of blood remain with Jehovah, the Supreme Judge. The only thing that can be done in the cases of individuals like this is to view them as immature and therefore not capable of taking on certain responsibilities, hence refusing to make certain assignments of service to such ones.
Since an individual is not disfellowshiped because of having voluntarily taken a blood transfusion or having approved of a dear one’s accepting a blood transfusion, you have no right to bar this sister from the celebration of the Lord’s Evening Meal. As an anointed member of Christ’s body she is under orders and command by Christ Jesus to partake. Whether she is unfaithful as to what she professes to be by virtue of taking the emblems of the Lord’s Evening Meal is something for Jehovah God to determine himself. His judgment begins at the house of God. It is not for you or anyone serving the Memorial emblems to act as the judge, but to allow the emblems to go to anyone in the audience as these are passed along in the normal manner of letting each one have the opportunity to partake.

Have Witness children died by refusing blood transfusions?

YES — Awake! May 22, 1994 p. 2 Youths Who Put God First (3-15) — In former times thousands of youths died for putting God first. They are still doing it, only today the drama is played out in hospitals and courtrooms, with blood transfusions the issue.

Four and a half years later…

NO — WT December 1, 1998 p. 14 Defending Our Faith — Jehovah’s Witnesses have been targets of false accusations — barefaced lies and twisted presentations of their beliefs… The accusation that numerous children of Jehovah’s Witnesses die each year as a result of refusing blood transfusions is totally unfounded.

Which article should I believe? What is the truth?

Going beyond what is written, like the Pharisees?

*** w51 7/1 p. 415 Questions From Readers ***
Some say that it is the intersticial fluids and not blood that runs out of meat. Any blood remaining in the body would congeal after a time and after exposure to air, and so would not be fluid after purchase from a butcher shop. However, a reputable book on physiology presents reasonable argument to the effect that some congealed blood is left behind even in well-drained carcasses. In an endeavor to remove all blood strict Jews go to great extremes. ... However, Jehovah’s witnesses do not pursue such extremes, which seem typical of the Pharisaical zeal that fussed over trivialities and “disregarded the weightier matters of the Law”. As Jesus said to them, “Blind guides, who strain out the gnat but gulp down the camel!” (Matt. 23:23, 24, NW) The point is this: Jehovah God gave the ordinance not to eat blood, when he said man could eat animal flesh. At that time he instructed that his requirement would be met by allowing the slaughtered animal’s carcass to bleed, to drain. It is his law we are seeking to comply with in this matter of blood, and after we have followed his requirement to bleed the animal, and thus met his demands, is that not sufficient? We need not become absurd and quibble like a Pharisee, piling on burdens beyond the requirements of divine law.—Matt. 23:4.

Blood Fractions

The WTS has allowed fractions of blood to be accepted by its members by noting that there is a natural movement of fetal blood cells to the mother (and vice versa) during pregnancy. If God allows this to happen he could not be against the therapeutic use of these cells since it would be unimaginable for God to break his own laws on blood.

*** w90 6/1 p. 31 Questions From Readers ***
That some protein fractions from the plasma do move naturally into the blood system of another individual (the fetus) may be another consideration when a Christian is deciding whether he will accept immune globulin, albumin, or similar injections of plasma fractions. One person may feel that he in good conscience can; another may conclude that he cannot. Each must resolve the matter personally before God.

Enjoy Life Forever. Lesson 39 Accepting blood fractions is now a conscience matter.

WT July 2025 Why seek advice?
Blood fractions are a conscience matter. A footnote in this article states: “Christians may at times wisely consult those who do not worship Jehovah regarding financial, medical, or other matters.”

Blood transfusions developed by Satan?

*** kr chap. 11 p. 112 par. 14 Moral Refinements—Reflecting God’s Holiness ***
14 Misuse of blood. In Noah’s day, God stated that it would be wrong to eat blood. He reaffirmed that position in the Law to the nation of Israel, and he similarly directed the Christian congregation to “abstain ... from blood.” (Acts 15:20, 29; Gen. 9:4; Lev. 7:26) Not surprisingly, Satan found a way in modern times to cause many to disregard this divine standard. Doctors were experimenting with blood transfusion in the 19th century, but after blood types were discovered, the practice became more widespread. In 1937, blood began to be collected and stored in blood banks, and then World War II gave the practice a big push. Soon, transfusions became commonplace around the world.

If Satan is the ultimate cause for the practise of blood transfusions, who do we credit the discovery and use of blood fractions to? God or Satan as well? Why ban one and allow the other?

Here are some links that point to research on blood cell transfer between mother and child.

Practical and theoretical implications of fetal-maternal lymphocyte transfer June 7, 1969 (https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(69)91642-0/fulltext)
Isolating fetal cells from maternal blood. Advances in prenatal diagnosis through molecular technology Nov 17, 1993 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8230600/)
Cell Migration from Baby to Mother Jan-March 2007 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633676/)
Baby’s Cells Mix and Mingle with Pregnant Mom’s June 6, 2012 (https://www.livescience.com/20781-pregnancy-fetal-cells.html)
Baby’s Cells Can Manipulate Mom’s Body for Decades Sept 2, 2015 (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/babys-cells-can-manipulate-moms-body-decades-180956493/)
Fetal cells in maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis: a love story rekindled June 15, 2017 (https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/10.2217/bmm-2017-0055)
Mother’s Day Genetics: How long does a mother “carry” a child? May 10, 2020 (https://arielmedicine.com/mothers-day-genetics-how-long-does-a-mother-carry-a-child/)

Resources from health organizations about blood:

The Centers for Disease Control
The American Red Cross
The American Cancer Society

Advocates for Jehovah’s Witness Reform on Blood website

What kind of fractions does the Watchtower approve? webpage: “If we add up everything in blood that is separately permitted it amounts to 100% of blood volume. Clearly it is completely disingenuous for the Watchtower or Jehovah’s Witnesses to claim they don’t accept blood transfusions. As we have seen in this section, nothing could be further from the truth.”